The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models

Abstract

We present UV, optical, and near-infrared (NIR) photometry of the first electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave source from Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo, the binary neutron star merger GW170817. Our data set extends from the discovery of the optical counterpart at 0.47–18.5 days post-merger, and includes observations with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), Gemini-South/FLAMINGOS-2 (GS/F2), and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The spectral energy distribution (SED) inferred from this photometry at 0.6 days is well described by a blackbody model with $Tapprox 8300$ K, a radius of $Rapprox 4.5times {10}^{14}$ cm (corresponding to an expansion velocity of $vapprox 0.3c$), and a bolometric luminosity of ${L}_{mathrm{bol}}approx 5times {10}^{41}$ erg s−1. At 1.5 days we find a multi-component SED across the optical and NIR, and subsequently we observe rapid fading in the UV and blue optical bands and significant reddening of the optical/NIR colors. Modeling the entire data set, we find that models with heating from radioactive decay of 56Ni, or those with only a single component of opacity from r-process elements, fail to capture the rapid optical decline and red optical/NIR colors. Instead, models with two components consistent with lanthanide-poor and lanthanide-rich ejecta provide a good fit to the data; the resulting "blue" component has ${M}_{mathrm{ej}}^{mathrm{blue}}approx 0.01,{M}_{odot }$ and ${v}_{mathrm{ej}}^{mathrm{blue}}approx 0.3,{rm{c}}$, and the "red" component has ${M}_{mathrm{ej}}^{mathrm{red}}approx 0.04,{M}_{odot }$ and ${v}_{mathrm{ej}}^{mathrm{red}}approx 0.1,{rm{c}}$. These ejecta masses are broadly consistent with the estimated r-process production rate required to explain the Milky Way r-process abundances, providing the first evidence that binary neutron star (BNS) mergers can be a dominant site of r-process enrichment.